The San African

Tag: politics

Alders Blunt Edge: A Defiance of Philosophical criticism

The title of our conversation is a bit of a mouthful, so let’s start with some context. Those familiar with philosophical reasoning will recognize the satirical nature of our title—a direct contrast to the term “Razor.”

To be fair, that does not help much, because what on earth even is a “Razor”?

In philosophy, a razor is a principle or rule of thumb that allows one to eliminate unlikely explanations for a phenomenon or avoid unnecessary actions. At least, that is what Wikipedia says. Well then, what is Alder’s Razor? Alder’s Razor (also known as Newton’s Flaming Laser Sword) states: “If something cannot be settled by experiment or observation, then it is not worthy of debate.” In simple terms, do not waste time on philosophical debates that cannot be settled. Stick to solutions with real-world impact. A little cheeky of Alder to take a jab at philosophers like that.

Given that little bit of context, why is this line of thinking problematic? What is the purpose, if any, of our resistance to intuitively good advice? Well, that is what we are here to explore.

The Paradox of Alder’s Razor

If we reject untestable claims outright, doesn’t that make Alder’s Razor itself meaningless? How do we “test” its validity? What foundational truth do we have that reinforces the notion that philosophical conversations carry no intrinsic value in the fruitful progression of society?

In addition to its self-contradiction, this principle is too rigid in its structure—too black-and-white to be applicable in a world full of chaotic discussions around law, social justice, and liberation.

It is reminiscent of the teachings of German Philosopher, Immanuel Kant. His philosophy was one set in stone; he argued that morality was absolute regardless of context. Lying to someone, irrespective of the situation, is unjust, as it robs them of the autonomy that forms the foundation of who we are as humans—creatures with agency and free will. However, if a known murderer were to ask you where your wife and kids are, would it be moral to speak truthfully?

Lines of reasoning similar to Kant’s carry one critical fault: they assume benevolence in the actions of all those we share our space with. They disregard the nuance and gray areas that come with navigating the maze of life, and as we know, ambiguity is a critical part of the human experience.

Mike Alder made a very similar mistake when coining his famous ideology. He assumed that philosophy exists in a vacuum—another reflection of his oversight regarding the interconnectedness of our world.

The Case for “Useless” Debate

The fact of the matter is, philosophical debates that seem “unsettleable” often shape scientific and social progress. Ethics, metaphysics, and epistemology—all essential fields—would be discarded if we applied Alder’s Razor strictly. Many scientific principles began as untestable philosophical inquiries (e.g., atoms in ancient Greece, heliocentrism before telescopes).

Some of the most prolific scientists of modern history often dabbled as philosophers themselves. They understood the importance of intellectualism in the pursuit of knowledge—knowledge that would later inform the very same practical solutions that Mike Alder places such heavy emphasis on.

Innovation is not just a switch you can flick to start manufacturing talking cell phones and flying cars—it’s a process. A process that begins (every single time) with curiosity and philosophical inquiry.

A famous (and ironic) example of this process at play is Isaac Newton’s discovery of the gravitational laws of motion. Before Newton formulated his laws of motion and universal gravitation, philosophers and scientists debated why objects fell and how celestial bodies moved. Why is this ironic? Well, another name for Alder’s Razor happens to be Newton’s Flaming Sword.

Prior to his theory and writings, we had contributions from brilliant minds like Aristotle, who proposed that objects fall because they seek their “natural place.” Kepler and Galileo also had a few ideas about why things move the way they do. Up until Newton’s theories were proposed and later proven, the topic of gravity was purely philosophical—effectively worthless and inconsequential to the lives of everyday historic citizens. Those very same “worthless” ideas went on to shape how we perceive the entire discipline of physics and even its younger brother, engineering, as we know them.

The philosophy of consciousness has not been “settled” experimentally, yet it influences AI, neuroscience, and ethics—all of which are critical to the advancement of technology and real-world solutions. Alder was not having a great day in the office with this one.

The Role of Thought Experiments and Philosophy

Rivonia convicted (from the top, left to right):Nelson Mandela, Walter Sisulu, Gowan / Govan Mbeki, Raymond Mhlaba, Elias Motsoaledi, Andrew Mlangeni, ‘Kathy’ Kathrada and Dennis Goldberg.

Philosophy often advances knowledge through thought experiments rather than physical experimentation. Schrödinger’s Cat, the Trolley Problem, the Ship of Theseus—without engaging with abstract thought, would we ever develop meaningful ethical frameworks?

Ideas like 17th-century liberalism and the Enlightenment, spearheaded by thinkers like John Locke, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and Montesquieu, inspired democratic revolutions (e.g., the American and French Revolutions) and later shaped human rights frameworks. These ideas laid the groundwork for leaders like Nelson Mandela, Steve Biko, and Oliver Tambo in their fight and eventual triumph against the Apartheid regime. Our defiance just became a little more intuitive. The only viable way to argue in favor of liberation and human rights is through philosophical thought. In advocating for autonomy, dignity, and freedom, it is critical to speak on the philosophy of ethics, agency, and law.

Abolitionism and human dignity allowed anti-apartheid activists to draw parallels between slavery and racial discrimination in South Africa. Philosophies like Marxism and anti-colonial thought held strong influences in liberation movements like the ANC and PAC.

These philosophies, often dismissed as “just ideas” at their inception, eventually shaped some of history’s most significant movements for justice. If we followed Alder’s Razor and rejected such philosophical debates as impractical, would these revolutions have ever happened?

Alder’s Razor as an Excuse for Anti-Intellectualism

The dismissal of complex discussions in favor of “practical” answers can be an excuse to avoid deeper thinking. Positivist movements rejected metaphysics, only for it to resurface in new forms. Does this mindset encourage oversimplification in an era that needs critical thought more than ever?

The fact that Alder’s Razor is very often invoked as a Hail Mary attempt at evading critical philosophical thought, even in modern times, does not exactly help its case. The fact of the matter is, we need to call it what it is—a backdoor. An Irish goodbye from a party filled with brilliant minds curious about the mechanisms that govern our society. A reluctance to pursue knowledge, regardless of the justification, is an act of cowardice. A refusal to destroy the very principles that have influenced our thinking for our whole lives in favor of newer, potentially more robust ideas.

A Defiance of Philosophical Criticism

For centuries, abstract thought has influenced the way we perceive ourselves and each other. Philosophy not only serves as an inquiry into our world but as a tool for introspection. Our ideas influence who we are, how we behave, and how we think at an individual level. Society, by definition, is a collection of individuals—each member serving as a critical component of the machine, a brick in the wall that shields us from anarchy. Thus, if we can change how an individual thinks, we can change how a nation thinks.

Philosophy has, and continues to, inform policy, ethics, human rights, and even the vocabulary we choose to use in business meetings and on dates with the girl from the coffee shop. Not only is it critical to the process of creating real-world solutions, but it is also inherent to the way our minds are wired. The ability to think abstractly, to dream wildly, and to fantasize about a reality not yet born—that is what makes us human. And if history is indeed a reliable storyteller, it is also what initiates progress.

The next time you are considering having a “worthless” conversation about the chicken and the egg or venting about your existential crisis to a friend, do it. What you may see as worthless now may well become the foundational basis of the society we build for our children.

April 29, 2025
Song of the Dust

by teedzani thapelo

In the warm November light of the Kalahari, a new wind stirred. Duma Boko, newly seated as Botswana’s President, stood before Parliament in his inaugural State of the Nation Address.

His words cut through the air with the precision of a hunter’s arrow and the weight of ancient stone: “One of our people is unable to rest, far from his home. Country roads hear him yearn. Please take him home; to the place where he belongs.”

These words, trembling with emotion, marked more than a shift in tone; they heralded a seismic political and moral awakening.

In announcing that Pitseng Gaoberekwe, a San man forcibly removed from the Central Kalahari Game Reserve (CKGR) and denied the dignity of burial in his ancestral land, would finally return home, Boko declared a new vision for Botswana—a vision of restoration, inclusion, and unshakable respect for human dignity. His decision to reverse decades of dispossession and bureaucratic hostility not only righted a historic wrong but also signalled a bold reimagining of Botswana’s democratic and cultural future.

Land Wounded by Loss

The Central Kalahari Game Reserve is not merely a stretch of desert. It is the sacred heartbeat of the San people, whose stories, songs, and spirits are woven into its golden sands and whispering thorn trees.

Yet, for decades, the San—Botswana’s first people—were driven from their ancestral lands under the guise of progress. Diamond mining, fenced game reserves, and the relentless march of “modernity” relegated them to makeshift settlements where poverty, disease, and alienation gnawed at their souls.

When Boko, then a lawyer in private practice, took up their cause in court, he unearthed a truth that echoed through the ages: no law, no decree, no machinery of government could sever the sacred bond between a people and their land.

Yet, the victory he helped secure with the assistance of British lawyers hired by the San—a landmark ruling affirming the San’s right to return to the CKGR—was met with the cruel inertia of a government intent on delay and obstruction.

Now, as president, Boko’s trembling voice and solemn declaration bridged the yawning gap between law and justice.

The announcement of Gaoberekwe’s burial in the CKGR was more than a gesture of redress; it was a song sung to the wounded land itself, an invocation for healing and harmony.

Philosophy of Dignity

At the heart of Boko’s vision lies a profound commitment to human dignity—a principle that transcends politics to touch the essence of what it means to be human.

In restoring Gaoberekwe’s final rest to the CKGR, Boko affirmed that dignity is not contingent upon power, wealth, or influence but is an inherent right, a flame that burns within every soul, however marginalized or forgotten.

Boko’s human rights philosophy draws deeply from Botswana’s cultural ethos, where the concept of botho—often translated as “humanity”—remains a cornerstone of social values. Botho teaches that a person is a person through others, that individual well-being is inseparable from collective harmony.

In his speech, Boko extended this philosophy beyond the boundaries of the living, affirming that even the dead possess rights—rights to rest, to belonging, to be remembered in the soil that shaped them.

This profound respect for the weak and vulnerable echoes globally significant philosophies, from Ubuntu in southern Africa to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

Yet, in Boko’s hands, these ideals are not abstract principles but living commitments, rooted in the sands of the Kalahari and watered by the tears of those who have suffered dispossession.

Nation Reborn

Boko’s new political culture—one that places inclusion and respect for human dignity at its core—holds transformative potential for Botswana. For too long, the nation’s development narrative has celebrated its economic success while sidelining its human costs. The dispossession of the San, the widening gap between urban elites and rural communities, and the erosion of cultural identities have haunted Botswana’s march toward modernity.

Under Boko’s leadership, these ghosts are not to be ignored or buried; they are to be confronted, acknowledged, and integrated into a new story of national renewal. By elevating the dignity of the marginalized, Boko redefines the measure of progress.

Development, in his vision, is not merely the extraction of wealth from the earth but the enrichment of every life it touches. It is the creation of a society where no voice is too small to be heard, no person too powerless to matter.

The decision to bury Gaoberekwe in the CKGR also signals a powerful reclamation of Botswana’s moral authority. It is a declaration that democracy is not merely a system of elections and institutions but a living relationship between a government and its people, grounded in trust, empathy, and mutual respect.

Horizon Ahead

Boko’s actions are not without risk. The decision to prioritize human dignity over entrenched economic interests—particularly in a region rich with diamonds—will undoubtedly provoke resistance from those who profit from the status quo.

Similarly, the cultural shift he envisions will require profound changes in attitudes and structures, challenging deep-seated prejudices and assumptions about who belongs where and why.

Yet, in this moment, Boko’s vision gleams with the clarity of water in a desert well. By standing with the San, he aligns himself with a broader global movement toward restorative justice and environmental stewardship. He positions Botswana not as a nation beholden to extractive industries but as a leader in sustainable and inclusive development—a beacon for other nations grappling with the legacies of colonialism and exploitation.

Spirit of the Kalahari

The Kalahari is more than a backdrop to this story; it is its silent witness and eternal participant. Its vastness mirrors the scale of Botswana’s challenges and opportunities, its resilience a testament to the enduring spirit of its people.

Boko’s speech, steeped in the symbolism of return and reconciliation, draws deeply from this landscape’s power.

In Setswana folklore, the Kalahari is often likened to an old storyteller, its dunes shifting like the pages of an ancient book.

To return Gaoberekwe to its sands is to write a new chapter in that book, one where harmony replaces discord, and respect triumphs over neglect.

Song Continues

As the sun sets on the 10th of December, 2024, and the people of Botswana gather in solemn unity to lay Gaoberekwe to rest, the moment will resonate far beyond the CKGR. It will speak to the enduring strength of a people determined to honour their past while shaping their future.

It will remind the world that progress is not a race to leave others behind but a journey where everyone moves forward together.

In restoring the dignity of one man, Boko restores the dignity of a nation. His trembling words carry the weight of centuries and the promise of renewal.

The winds of the Kalahari will carry that promise, whispering through thorn trees and over dunes, reminding all who listen that in the vastness of the desert, every life, every story, every soul matters.

In this song of the dust, Botswana finds not just its voice but its true self.

January 21, 2025
Dead Aid, Dead Future: How Western Generosity Suffocates African Economies

by leruo monang

“Aid has been, and continues to be, an unmitigated political, economic, and humanitarian disaster for most parts of the developing world.” Says Dambisa Moyo, award winning Zambian Economist and author of Dead Aid.

Moyo’s assertion challenges the widely held belief that foreign aid is a panacea for the economic struggles of the developing world. Instead, she argues that aid fosters a cycle of dependency, weakens local institutions, and perpetuates corruption. By providing a steady stream of external funds, governments are often incentivized to prioritize donor interests over domestic needs. This dynamic stifles innovation, discourages accountability, and hinders the development of sustainable economic systems. Moreover, the influx of aid can distort markets, suppress local entrepreneurship, and foster a culture of reliance, ultimately undermining the very growth it seeks to stimulate.

Critics of Moyo’s perspective, however, argue that aid, when strategically deployed, has the potential to address critical gaps in infrastructure, healthcare, and education. Success stories in countries that have used aid to improve literacy rates, combat diseases, and build essential infrastructure illustrate the nuanced role of foreign assistance. The real issue, they contend, lies in the implementation and governance of aid programs, rather than in the concept of aid itself. Moyo’s critique, while valid in many instances, calls for a reevaluation of aid frameworks to ensure they empower local economies and foster long-term self-reliance rather than perpetuate a cycle of dependency.

These critiques however assume benevolance on the part of both the donor and the custodians of the donation. It is perhaps the world’s worst kept secret that Africa has, for decades, been subject to some of the worst corruption we have ever seen. Scandals around state capture, embezzlement, money laundering and government kickbacks have plagued the continent since time immemorial. Moyo argues that the cash-flow from foreign not only facilitates corruption but incentivizes it.

The Proverbial Cookie Jar

Imagine you are the President of a fictional African nation. We will call her Rimbabwe. Rimbabwe has just come off the back of a devastating battle for independence from British colonial rule. The towns are in ruins, the people are destitute and the economy is in tatters. Infrastructural developments need to happen but there is no money to finance them.

Here comes the good Samaritan in the form of the World Bank, awarding you a relief loan of US$10 billion to rebuild. Keep in mind, Your Excellency, that there are no institutions to keep you accountable, no checks and balances to ensure the wise stewardship of these funds and no watch dogs breathing down your neck to prevent you from sticking your fingers in the cookie jar. Do you see where I am going with this?

The allocation of large sums of money to nations with underdeveloped institutions, gaps in legislation and an absence of accountability fosters corruption and encourages politics of the stomach. Those that aspire to reach positions of power for the sole purpose of state capture and feeding their individual desires.

The Fine Print: Ts and Cs of Foreign Aid

Foreign aid is often presented as an altruistic gesture, a lifeline extended to nations in need. Yet, beneath this benevolent facade lies a complex web of geopolitical interests. For many donor countries, aid serves as a strategic tool to exert influence over the political landscapes of recipient nations. By attaching conditions to financial assistance, western powers have often leveraged aid to dictate policy directions, sway election outcomes, and suppress dissent. In this dynamic, the true beneficiaries of aid are not the impoverished citizens of the Global South but the geopolitical agendas of those in the Global North. Aid often becomes a conduit for political manipulation, entrenching foreign dominance in domestic affairs under the guise of generosity.

Foreign aid is rarely given without conditions, and these conditions often infringe on the sovereignty of recipient nations. Whether through structural adjustment programs imposed by international financial institutions or bilateral agreements tied to political reforms, aid frequently requires recipients to align their policies with the interests of donor nations.

These conditionalities can force governments to adopt measures that may be economically or socially detrimental, such as privatizing public services, cutting subsidies, or reducing public sector employment. While these policies might align with donor ideologies, they often disregard the specific needs and contexts of recipient nations, undermining their autonomy and the democratic will of their people.

In the 1800s, colonial powers used guns, ships, and soldiers to seize control of Africa. Today, the tools have changed, but the intent remains strikingly similar. Predatory loans and grants, often laden with exploitative terms, have become the modern mechanisms of control. Aid, when used this way, is not a gift but a strategic instrument of neocolonialism, designed to maintain influence and economic dominance over African nations.

Economic Dependency: The Hidden Cost of Aid

Foreign aid often arrives with promises of development, yet it can inadvertently foster economic dependency. Many recipient nations come to rely on consistent inflows of external funding to balance budgets, finance public projects, or even meet basic needs. This dependency discourages governments from seeking sustainable, homegrown solutions to economic challenges. Over time, aid dependency erodes the incentive to develop resilient local industries or invest in revenue-generating sectors such as agriculture, manufacturing, and trade.

The result is a vicious cycle: nations trapped in a perpetual state of reliance on external assistance, unable to achieve true financial independence. The stagnation of local economic innovation and entrepreneurship becomes a direct consequence of this reliance. Aid donors, meanwhile, gain leverage over the policy and fiscal decisions of recipient governments, further entrenching the imbalance of power. Without a shift toward self-sufficiency, the long-term economic health of these nations remains precarious.

Aid Effectiveness and Waste: When Good Intentions Miss the Mark

Aid programs are often plagued by inefficiencies and mismanagement, leading to outcomes far removed from their intended goals. Funds earmarked for essential services such as healthcare, education, or infrastructure are frequently lost to bureaucratic overheads, poorly designed projects, or corruption. In some cases, donor nations push for high-visibility projects that serve their public relations agendas but have minimal impact on local communities.

Even when projects are well-intentioned, they often fail due to a lack of alignment with local needs or conditions. For instance, the construction of roads or hospitals may fall short without plans for maintenance or operational sustainability. Aid recipients, particularly in rural areas, are left with unusable infrastructure or services that cannot be sustained. Such waste underscores the need for greater accountability and collaboration in designing and implementing aid programs.

Distortion of Local Economies: The Market Fallout

Aid can inadvertently disrupt local economies by introducing external goods and services that undermine domestic industries. The donation of food aid, for example, often floods local markets with free or heavily subsidized imports, leaving local farmers unable to compete. Similarly, foreign aid tied to specific donor-country contractors or suppliers can exclude local businesses from participating in lucrative projects, stifling their growth.

This market distortion discourages the development of local production capabilities and creates a dependency on external goods and expertise. Over time, it hollows out domestic economic resilience, leaving recipient nations more vulnerable to external shocks. Effective aid programs must prioritize building local capacity and supporting industries that contribute to long-term economic growth.

Cultural and Social Impacts: Erosion of Local Identity

Aid programs often come with an implicit imposition of foreign values and systems, leading to a disconnection between the intended goals of development and the realities of local communities. Western ideals embedded in education, governance, or health initiatives may clash with indigenous practices and traditions. This imposition can marginalize local knowledge and solutions, fostering a sense of alienation among the people aid is supposed to help.

Moreover, the dependency fostered by aid can shift societal dynamics, creating hierarchies based on proximity to foreign funding or decision-making. Communities may become more focused on catering to donor expectations than addressing their own priorities. Respecting and integrating local cultural contexts is essential to ensuring that aid efforts empower rather than displace local communities.

The Role of NGOs and Donor Agencies: Accountability Under Scrutiny

Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and donor agencies play a significant role in distributing aid, but their operations are not without criticism. Many NGOs operate with limited accountability, leading to questions about how funds are spent and whether their efforts align with the long-term development goals of recipient nations. Donor agencies, meanwhile, are often influenced by the political and economic agendas of their home countries, prioritizing projects that serve their interests rather than those of the communities they aim to help.

Additionally, the presence of foreign NGOs can overshadow local civil society organizations, diverting resources and talent away from grassroots initiatives. For aid to be truly effective, it must support the growth of local institutions, ensuring that communities have the capacity to sustain development independently of external actors.

Long-term Environmental Consequences: An Overlooked Cost

Aid-driven development projects often overlook their environmental impacts, leading to unintended consequences for recipient nations. Infrastructure projects, such as roads, dams, or urban expansions, frequently disrupt ecosystems and displace communities without adequate mitigation plans. Similarly, agricultural aid programs that prioritize monoculture or high-yield crops can deplete soil fertility and exacerbate water scarcity.

The environmental costs of such projects are often borne disproportionately by the poorest and most vulnerable communities. Sustainable aid practices must prioritize environmental resilience, integrating conservation and renewable energy solutions into development initiatives. By addressing these long-term consequences, aid programs can better align with the holistic needs of recipient nations.

Alternatives to Traditional Aid: A Path Forward

Rather than relying on traditional aid, fostering trade and investment may provide a more sustainable path for development. Encouraging regional trade partnerships and reducing barriers to market access can empower nations to grow their economies organically. Initiatives that prioritize skills transfer, entrepreneurship, and technology adoption can help create jobs and build local industries.

Foreign direct investment (FDI) and public-private partnerships offer another avenue for sustainable development. Unlike aid, FDI often brings with it long-term commitments to local economies, including job creation and infrastructure development. By shifting the focus from aid to economic collaboration, nations can reduce dependency and build a future rooted in self-reliance and mutual prosperity.

Be Critical: A call to action

To quote American political scientist, adviser and academic (ironically), “The West won the world not by the superiority of its ideas or values or religion… but rather by its superiority in applying organized violence. Westerners often forget this fact; non-westerners never do.”

They can no longer stab, shoot or kill us so their guns come wrapped in white envelopes and their knives signed by their treasurers. Be Critical, there is no such thing as a free meal.

January 14, 2025
New Dawn for Women in Botswana: Advancing Rights and Dignity under President Boko

by teedzAI THAPELO

The winds of change have swept across Botswana. Following the historic October 30th, 2024, elections, Advocate Duma Boko has risen to the highest office, promising a transformative era for women’s rights and welfare.

His appointment of several accomplished young women to key positions signals not only a commitment to gender parity but a deeper reckoning with the structural inequalities that have long held women back in Botswana. Against the backdrop of the 2024 International Women’s Day theme, “Invest in Women: Accelerate Progress,” and the 16 Days of Activism Against Gender-Based Violence theme, “Towards Beijing+30: Unite to End Violence Against Women and Girls,” the moment calls for critical reflection on what this era might mean for women and society as a whole.

A Historic Cabinet and the Weight of Progress

President Boko’s appointments are historic.

Lesego Chombo, a Miss World Africa titleholder and lawyer, now steers the Ministry of Youth and Gender Affairs, embodying a fusion of advocacy, intellect, and representation. Economist Bogolo Kenewendo’s leadership in the Ministry of Minerals and Energy positions women at the forefront of Botswana’s economic future. Emang Bokhutlo-Mutapati’s advocacy for press freedom and ethical journalism takes centre stage as she becomes Press Secretary to the President, amplifying women’s voices in public discourse.

Together, this team brings diverse perspectives to government, signalling a shift towards inclusivity under the leadership of Botswana post-independence children; a new intellectual generation that is youth-centred, tech savvy, worldly, cosmopolitan, and conscious of the fate and destiny of the nation in the turbulent era of the 21^st century, an informed, articulate and analytical generation poised to amplify women’s voices at home and in global agenda debates and decisions.

For decades, women in Botswana have faced systemic barriers, from discriminatory customary laws to limited access to leadership opportunities in political parties, government and commercial industry. While Botswana’s Constitution guarantees equality before the law, cultural norms and practices have often undermined these rights. By placing women in pivotal roles, the new administration is poised to dismantle these barriers and inspire a generation of girls to envision a different future.

Cultural Tensions of Gender Progress

The appointment of young gender advocacy women leaders in a patriarchal society challenges deep-seated cultural norms. In rural Botswana, where customary law often prevails, women’s roles still yearn for advancement beyond the customary recognition of a few women as chiefs. Male-dominated institutions like the kgotla—a communal decision-making forum—have historically sidelined women, especially in marriage matters and inheritance disputes.

President Boko’s administration must navigate this terrain delicately, balancing progress with respect for cultural heritage.

The inclusion of women like Nono Kgafela-Mokoka as Minister of Child Welfare and Basic Education offers hope for addressing these cultural tensions. By investing in gender-sensitive education, the government can empower young girls while engaging communities in dialogue about the evolving roles of women. Education reforms must include curricula that challenge stereotypes and teach boys and girls alike the value of equality, creating a foundation for cultural transformation.

Economic Empowerment: The Key to Independence

The appointment of women to economic portfolios underscores a commitment to addressing the economic disparities that perpetuate gender inequality.

In Botswana, women are disproportionately represented in low-paying jobs, with limited access to capital. President Boko’s vow to implement his party’s human rights-based manifesto provides an opportunity to prioritize economic reforms that benefit women.

Bogolo Kenewendo’s leadership in the Ministry of Minerals and Energy is particularly significant. The mining sector, a cornerstone of Botswana’s economy, has long been dominated by men. By promoting policies that encourage women’s participation in this sector, the government can redefine economic empowerment.

Initiatives such as access to training programs, financing for women entrepreneurs, and quotas for women in leadership positions are crucial to ensuring that economic growth translates into gender equality.

Furthermore, the government’s emphasis on renewable energy, as recently articulated by Vice President and Finance Minister, Ndaba Gaolathe, provides an opportunity to engage women in sustainable development projects. Community-based solar and wind energy initiatives can create jobs for women while addressing energy poverty in rural areas. Economic empowerment is not just about income; it is about giving women the tools to participate fully in shaping their own lives and communities.

Fight Against Gender-Based Violence

Gender-based violence (GBV) remains one of the most pressing issues facing women in Botswana. The 2024 theme for the 16 Days of Activism, “Towards Beijing+30: Unite to End Violence Against Women and Girls,” highlights the urgency of addressing this crisis. Despite legislative progress, including the domestic violence acts and penal code amendment, implementation remains a challenge.

Many survivors lack access to justice due to stigma, fear, and inadequate support systems. Under President Boko’s leadership, the government has the opportunity to strengthen these frameworks.

Lesego Chombo’s role as Minister of Youth and Gender Affairs will be critical in ensuring that resources are allocated to combat GBV effectively. This includes funding for shelters, counselling services, and public awareness campaigns. The administration must also address the gaps in the criminal justice system, ensuring that perpetrators are held accountable and survivors receive the support they need.

The fight against GBV must also involve men and boys. Initiatives that engage men as allies in promoting gender equality can challenge harmful attitudes and behaviours. By fostering a culture of respect and accountability, Botswana can move closer to a society where women are free from violence and fear.

Constitutional Reform

Botswana’s legal framework has historically failed to fully protect women’s rights, particularly in areas where customary law intersects with statutory law. President Boko’s background as a human rights lawyer and constitutional scholar positions him uniquely to address these gaps. Constitutional reform must be prioritized to ensure that women’s rights are not subject to cultural exceptions.

Aspirations of Pan-African Feminism

President Boko’s administration arrives at a time when Pan-African feminism is gaining momentum across the continent. This movement calls for the decolonization of gender relations and the recognition of African women’s unique struggles and contributions. Botswana’s advancements can serve as a model for other nations, demonstrating the power of inclusive leadership.

Emang Bokhutlo-Mutapati’s appointment as Press Secretary to the President highlights the role of media in amplifying women’s voices and shaping public opinion. By promoting stories that celebrate women’s achievements and address their challenges, the media can play a transformative role in advancing gender equality. Pan-African feminism also emphasizes solidarity among women across borders, advocating for regional cooperation on issues such as GBV, maternal health, and economic inclusion, and in this administration we have women who are more than qualified to articulate and implement this vision.

Towards a Society of Equals

The road ahead is not without challenges. Achieving true gender equality requires not only political will but also a societal shift in attitudes and behaviours. Women’s advancement must be seen not as a threat to tradition but as an opportunity to build a more just and prosperous society.

As President Boko’s administration implements its human rights-based manifesto, it must prioritize the voices and needs of women, ensuring that progress is inclusive and sustainable.

The theme of International Women’s Day 2024, “Invest in Women: Accelerate Progress,” captures the essence of this moment. By investing strategically in education, healthcare, and economic opportunities for women, Botswana can unlock the full potential of half its population. This investment is not just about fairness; it is about building a society where everyone can thrive.

Beacon of Hope

The rise of young women leaders in President Boko’s administration represents more than a political milestone; it is a beacon of hope for all who believe in the dignity and potential of women. From the corridors of power to the classrooms of rural schools, this new era holds the promise of transformation.

Yet, the journey requires vigilance, advocacy, and unity. Botswana stands at the threshold of history, with an opportunity to lead by example in the fight for gender equality.

As the world watches, the nation must seize this moment to honour its women, not just with words but with action.

The vision of a Botswana where every woman and girl can live free from violence, inequality, and fear is within reach.

It is a vision that will require courage, commitment, and the unwavering belief that progress for women, is progress for all.

December 30, 2024
Great Expectations…

by Teedzani Thapelo

The winds of October came thick with dust and whispers, stirring the vast grasslands and city streets of Botswana into a trembling anticipation. On the 30th of this momentous month in 2024, the unexpected became real, and the ground beneath the nation shifted like the Kalahari dunes under a gale.

The Umbrella for Democratic Change (UDC), long seen as a mere shadow cast by the towering Botswana Democratic Party (BDP), claimed an electoral triumph that stunned even its most loyal followers. It was as though the sky itself had cracked open, spilling light into corners darkened by decades of political dominance.

The Botswana Democratic Party, which for over half a century had ruled with an unbroken chain of victories, faced its reckoning. Like the mighty baobab that stands tall until termites hollow its core, the BDP fell not to foreign invaders or natural disasters, but to the quiet erosion of trust, the muffled cries of the people, and the weight of its own hubris.

To many, it seemed a twist of fate worthy of African folklore—an epic tale where the once-untouchable leader is humbled by forces beyond his grasp, forces rooted in the will of the people.

The UDC’s triumph, led by the determined Duma Boko, was not a mere accident of politics; it was the manifestation of democracy’s unpredictable brilliance. It was a moment when the chorus of the nation’s grievances—jobs lost, hospitals crumbling, schools faltering—rose so loud that even the thick walls of power could not muffle them.

Yet, as the victory drums faded, a sobering question emerged: What now?

This political earthquake has ushered Botswana into what many are calling its Second Republic—a term that evokes hope, renewal, and the promise of change. But with it comes a burden: the weight of the people’s “great expectations.”

The UDC now finds itself standing at the edge of a precipice, gazing into a future both promising and perilous.

The challenges are staggering.

Public hospitals, once beacons of care in southern Africa, are now shadows of their former selves. The sick wait in lines that stretch like cattle paths, while medicines remain locked away in bureaucratic tangles. Corruption, like a termite infestation, has weakened the once-strong beams of public institutions. And the economy, battered by global shifts and internal neglect, limps like a wounded antelope.

Boko, a man who has long promised change, must now deliver. The people demand an end to empty speeches and half-measures. The UDC must overhaul public services with a precision that cuts through decades of inefficiency.

But how?

The answer lies not just in plans and policies, but in the deep well of hope that propelled the UDC to power.

Here, the surrealist dimensions of this moment become clear. Who could have imagined that in a nation so deeply shaped by the BDP’s legacy, the people would rise to reject it? It is as though an unseen hand guided their will, a hand that does not care for titles or traditions, but only for justice. In this sense, the UDC’s victory feels like a dream—unreal yet undeniably true.

The new government must not squander this rare gift. Botswana, a land of vast skies and resilient people, deserves leaders who see beyond personal gain. The UDC must set its sights on the long game, crafting a vision that lifts the nation out of its current malaise and into a future of shared prosperity. They must listen to the farmers who toil under an unforgiving sun, the miners who dig deep into the earth for wealth they seldom share, and the youth whose futures feel as uncertain as the rains.

As the first rains of November break over the land, washing away the dust of the election, there is a sense of renewal in the air. The people are watching, waiting, their faith both fragile and fierce.

The UDC has been handed not just a mandate, but a mission—a chance to prove that democracy in Botswana is alive and well, capable of reinventing itself when the old ways fail.

But with great expectations comes great responsibility. Boko and his team must remember that the story of Botswana is not theirs alone to write. It belongs to the nurses who save lives with too few resources, the teachers who inspire despite broken chalkboards, the mothers who walk miles to fetch water.

These are the real heroes of the Second Republic, and it is for them that the UDC must govern.

In the years to come, historians may look back on this election as a turning point—a moment when the people, weary of the old ways, reached for something new. Whether the UDC rises to meet this moment or falls under its weight remains to be seen. But one thing is clear: Botswana’s journey has entered a new chapter, one filled with uncertainty and promise in equal measure.

The land waits, as it always has, for the rains to bring life to its parched soil. And the people wait, too, for their new leaders to nurture the seeds of hope they have sown. It is a delicate dance between expectation and reality, between dreams and deeds.

But if the UDC can lead with wisdom and courage, perhaps, just perhaps, those great expectations will bear fruit, and Botswana will rise anew, stronger and more united than ever before.

November 22, 2024
And The Crowd Goes…

In the court of politics, the people are the jury.

This statement will prove prudent as the cascading words in this article unfold.

Sitting in the stands on that historic day was nothing short of awe-inspiring. Watching the seas of blue juxtapose the rivers of red that had flown for 58 years was a wonder. The birds sang a new song. The sun sat in the intimate embrace of rain clouds, waiting to announce the pleasure of the heavens. The day of the Inauguration of the 6th President of the Republic of Botswana, Advocate Duma Gideon Boko, was the epitome of democratic historicity.

The people of Botswana left the polling booths with great conviction. The courts of social media, the voting lines, and the streets were filled with a common statement, “TLHOPHANG SENTLE.” For the sake of friends who may not know Setswana “VOTE WISELY”. These words spread like a wildfire, from the mouths of the elderly to the mouths of despondent young people. The consensus was that no one was to waste their vote. The silent revolution was underway.

As if there was agreed-upon consensus, Batswana brought the Umbrella for Democratic Change to 36 seats in Parliament (giving them the mantle of Executive Power and Legislative majority for the next 5 years). Furthermore, in a horrendous turn of events, the Botswana Democratic Party (having been in power for since 1965/66) was brought down to only 4 seats in Parliament out of 61 elected seats (about 6.5% before an addition of 6 Specially Elected Members of Parliament).

The jubilation that filled the streets of Botswana and the seats in the National Stadium highlighted a few sentiments. “A renewed hope is born”, “A new Botswana is in sight”, “The old is gone away”.

As the new President, President Duma Gideon Boko, was carried around the stadium for the lap of victory, a wave of excitement roared through the stands of the stadium. HISTORY HAD BEEN MADE.

Through the ballot, Batswana had managed to dislodge a long established dynasty. With great peace and calm, one party handed over government to another. It had never been seen, or done, in this our land.

In the court of politics, the people are the jury.

In the crowd, in a secluded section, were high profile dignitaries including representatives of Heads of States and Governments, former Presidents Mogae, Khama, and immediate Former President Masisi.

While I am intrigued by the interaction between the two most recent Former Presidents (considering their tumultuous relationship) I believe something more important pervaded: The public sentiment.

As protocol dictates, dignitaries were introduced. It seemed that the Batswana in attendance were filled with great jubilation when the likes of His Excellency the President of Zambia, Mr Hakainde Hichilema, was introduced. Mr Julius Malema and Mr Mmusi Maimane also received thunderous applause.

It must be acknowledged that Mr Ndaba Gaolathe, the Vice President, received applause that could only be compared to hopeful sentimentality.

There are three particular characters who are of interest to me: Former President Khama, Former President Masisi, and President Mnangagwa of the Republic of Zimbabwe. I will address them in reverse.

Many have been uncomfortable with the relationship between President Masisi (at the time) and President Mnangagwa. This “brotherhood” caused quite a stir for many. This discontent intensified with the Independent Electoral Commission of Botswana went on a benchmarking mission to Zimbabwe (which many alleged was a threat to fair elections. Allegations of “rigging” plans spread exponentially, causing many’s disdain towards President Mnangagwa to intensify. When his name was called, the crowd Booed with conviction.

When President Masisi was introduced, the crowd booed with great passion. It seemed that the people had rejected the Former President through the ballot and in person. It seems that people had developed a great dislike for the person of the Former President, accounting for decreased Diamond production and revenue, a struggling economy, high unemployment, and more.

With Former President Khama, the crowd was filled with great jubilation. While this is contentious, many stood with Former President Khama during his tiff with then President Masisi. Many felt that the former President was unfairly treated. The two had mounted strong campaigns against each other. While many felt that the Khama presidency was troubled, many sustained support for him.

While the goal of this article is not to assess the validity of the crowd’s cheers or boos, it is to address a debate. Is it right for the crowd to have booed?

While Batswana hold “respect” to high regard, Motswana says “Mafoko a Kgotla a mantle otlhe.” While respect of the elders is necessary, Motswana also says “Susu ilela suswana gore suswana le ene a tle a go ilele.”

This is the debate as it is. In finding and negotiating a balance between the two, possibly a topic for another article, one thing rings true:

In the court of politics, the people are the jury.

November 15, 2024
What to Expect on the 30th: Inside the Mind of the Voter
Standing on the precipice of a critical moment in Botswana’s history, one is forced to admit that tensions are truly high. These elections may be the most contentious in a long time. Last night Batswana’s eyes were glued to their screens in order to hear the packages offered to them by the various Presidents and their parties vying for the Presidency and control of Parliament. Observing the debate, and the chatter around it, one of the most intriguing phenomena around this particular election is ‘the mind of the voter’.

In this article, I’d like to outline the possible “thoughts of the voter”. Often times people tend to miss out on how the voter thinks, thus failing to provide proper analysis. While this is not a comprehensive study, I would like to present a few psychological dispositions as we approach the polls. This is not a set of predictions, it is just an analysis.
1. VOTER MEMORY
“Remember who put you through school.” This is an example of a thought in the African voter’s mind. This thought, as confirmed by voters in South Africa and Botswana, rings in their minds on the morning of elections, in the queue, and as one stands before the ballot box.

Essentially, voter’s remorse invokes a memory of the work of liberation movements and the apparent guilt causes them to cast their vote in the direction of “the devil we know”.

Additionally, the voter may find security in a safe vote. Keep the BDP in power. “We owe them for all they’ve done, don’t we?” the voter thinks.
1. SAFE CHANGE
While many Batswana would not typically be comfortable with alt-right electoral change, something that is a more comfortable option could be deemed as safe change.

Safe change basically suggests that things change without threatening order drastically. While change is sought after, and maybe even pursued, it is change that is rationalized and within particular boundaries, while maintaining the trust of the electorate.

Many voters have made the conscious decision that they do not want to stay with the ruling Botswana Democratic Party (BDP). Where they are to go becomes the follow-up question. While they may be resolute in severing ties with the “outgoing party”, they may not be resolute about the direction they’d wish to take from there.

Since its inception towards the 2014 elections, the UDC has been systematically working towards being the first alternative, the safe option after the BDP.

While this may not particularly sound important, many voters need a safety net, even when they romance the idea of regime change.

Essentially, many Batswana may feel that casting their vote away from the BDP is risky enough. They would need a relative safety net in the Umbrella for Democratic Change rather than pursue a riskier smaller party.
1. THIRD WAY
There are some voters who, with particular emphasis, are not pleased with the top two options and wish to go towards the Botswana Congress Party wave.

The BCP has strategically placed themselves as the people’s alternative, the third way. In these elections, and even in the debates, the BCP has suggested that it is a strong contender and it is the answer to Botswana’s quagmire.

A number of Batswana, troubled by the problems of the BDP and of the UDC, have settled (at least intellectually) in the electoral ambit of the BCP. The BCP may experience an influx of goodwill votes from different constituencies with the “third way” perspective.
1. STALEMATE
Many analysts, commentators, and even political activists share in my thinking that a hung parliament is on the horizon. It is seemingly inevitable.

This result is brought about by the fourth electoral disposition; The STALEMATE. This disposition is observed when the electorate are torn between parties and leaders. With this disposition, there is an increased possibility of a lack of a majority.

This then raises the question, which coalition would the voter like to see? Judging from the voices of voters, it seems that the top two contenders for the Presidency are the BCP’s Mr. Dumelang Saleshando and the UDC’s Adv. Duma Boko. Could this mean that a grand coalition between the BCP, the BPF, and the UDC, would be favourable to the voting populous? Or will the players offer an alternative?
1. NO WAY
Then there is the final disposition, as expressed in this article. The No Way disposition. This posture is occupied by registered voters who will not vote and citizens who have not registered to vote. Whether due to personal reasons or because of a despondency, this is a critical demographic as it may cause a sway in one direction or the other.

From a basic analysis of the political climate at this time, it is an unavoidable truth that these elections will supply a surprise to the electorate. It must be acknowledged that the stakes are high and that this is an important election. All I will say is that I am excited for October the 31st. Only then will we know what the voter really thinks.
October 25, 2024
Project Hung Parliament: The Case of Botswana’s Impending Elections

Many African liberation movements have enjoyed the comfort and security of long-standing post-Independence power. While some powers have been understood as colloquially ‘undemocratic’, many African states have not experienced the democratic pangs (and joys) of regime change.

For many, it was a shock when the 2024 South African elections delivered a monumental (and historic) result. For the first time since the culmination of the anti-apartheid struggle in 1994, The African National Congress lost the comfort of “secure power”. To keep Mr. Matamela Cyril Ramaphosa in the Union Buildings, the ANC had to enter into some sort of coalition negotiations; then tensions arose.

The ANC could not be completely dislodged because of the disparity and enmity between the Democratic Alliance (centre-right) on one end and the uMkhonto weSizwe Party (centre-left) and the Economic Freedom Fighters (leftist) on the other end.

While the establishment of the Government of National Unity crystallized, it restructured the politics: (1) within the GNU; (2) within party structures; and (3) within opposition.

The GNU was a formation of government among a number of different parties including the African National Congress, the Democratic Alliance, the Freedom Front Plus, the Patriotic Alliance, and more. These are parties from across the political spectrum, and from varying political and ideological backgrounds.

While this has its complexity, on a grander political scale, it has exposed the electorate to the possibility of coalition governments while settling in key players. A few major players are the Home Affairs and Public Works Ministers from the Democratic Alliance and Gayton McKenzie, Minister of Sports, Arts, and Culture and Leader of the Patriotic Alliance. Honourable Gayton McKenzie has risen to be one of the most famous politicians in South Africa, even surpassing Julius Malema in some polls. While many still believe that the Government of National Unity is not securely consolidated in terms of policy, it is established.

The parties themselves are undergoing structural recalibration, finding themselves in this new dispensation. The EFF lost its Deputy President, the MKP is growing, the DA seems to be shaking under the leadership of John Steennhuisen and Helen Zille, the PA (through Gayton McKenzie) seems to be stretching horizons of electoral favour, while the ANC is facing existential threats towards the local government elections. There seems to be a rise in potential contenders for the ANC’s top positions.

Another case study is that of the Conservative Party of the United Kingdom. After a tumultuous and highly controversial stint at power, the Tories fell at the polls. Under Rishi Sunak, the Conservative Party went from Government to Shadow Government (Opposition) making way for the Labour Party.

While the party is going through a Leadership election process, to replace Sunak, you will notice that the election (especially in the context of the greater British politic) exposed a conundrum within the party that finds its epicenter in the leadership. This is exemplified by the party’s last 3 leaders.

On the side of opposition, while the EFF is heading to Congress in December and may face an impending crisis, the MKP seems to be finding its feet. This is the time that will determine the future and existential premise of the MK Party. While this is so, one cannot ignore the Progressive Caucus’ place in politics.

Although a significant portion of this article was granted to South Africa, it does not stand as the core.

As Botswana heads to the polls later this month, many analysts and commentators are arguing about the possible results. While a clear and complete change of power (and a supermajority for the ruling party) does not seem realistic, it may seem that the Botswana Democratic Party may approach, or might JUST cross the midpoint.

With silly season on, it seems that the BDP is losing its footing and might slip out of the State House.

Here’s the catch: What if we get a hung parliament?

Basically, a parliament is hung when no party has an outright majority and power is subjected to coalition negotiations.

In the event that the BDP gains about 27-30 seats, the power stands in the hands of opposition. A party like the Botswana Patriotic Front will need 5-7 seats to negotiate strongly. With the Botswana Congress Party’s troubled history with the Umbrella for Democratic Change and its leader, it would be interesting to see how it will all roll out.

A hung parliament will bring about a new era of politics in Botswana. Possibly a new air of accountability, a competition of policies, legislative rigor, and maybe even reforms. While it may also bring about tensions, it is an interesting prospect.

Essentially, it seems to me that this campaign season could be dubbed, “Project Hung Parliament”. The rhetoric, strategy, and poise of the players places the election in a precarious situation. As a commentator, I am completely intrigued by the prospect of this election’s results. I am also intrigued to watch how the 3 factors addressed earlier will affect the new government in Botswana. The future of this country lies in the hands of four men – H.E. Dr Mokgweetsi Masisi, Adv. Duma Boko, Mr. Dumelang Saleshando, and Mr. Mephato Reatile – and their associates.

Finally, I do not find it ironic that Halloween is the day after voting day.

October 11, 2024
The Long Walk to Local Government Elections

After the May elections, South Africa has experienced a deep dissonance. This dissonance is deeply embedded in both government and opposition. In 3 months, many things have happened that have carried a deep political potency.

After the establishment of the supposed Government of National Unity, we have seen many cracks within this supposedly “United” government. It seems that non-ANC members of cabinet are on a mission to expose government rot, and by extension ANC rot.

The latest of these has been the allegations by the Minister of Agriculture and DA Federal Leader, Hon. John Steenhuisen. He alleges a R500 million deficit in the department. This has caused a public brawl between him and the former minister, Speaker Thoko Didiza. One is tempted to think there is a deeply rooted, understandably so, dissonance in government. Allegations have been thrown around that this is not a government of national unity – it is a grand coalition.

While it is tempting to only see the cracks in government, it is intriguing to watch opposition politics.

Floyd Shivambu has left the Economic Freedom Fighters in a massive move to the uMkhonto weSizwe party. I do not want to discuss the intricacies of the EFF split, yet I cannot help but admit that while the mass exodus has not yet happened, we cannot deny the presence of a dark cloud over the EFF at the moment.

Shivambu’s move to the MKP is in part to build MKP’s cadreship, its political education, its structures, and its ideology. Yet, there is one point rich in revolutionary undertones that this writer cannot ignore: The possible consolidation of left-wing forces for a United Progressive Front.

Shivambu’s move may be a precursor to uniting the left in South Africa and presenting an undivided alternative to the GNU and its member-parties, which bring it to a centre, centre-right position.

Going towards the local government elections, it seems that all parties have begun full throttle campaigns in one form or the other. It will be interesting to watch what happens to each party. Maybe we will begin to see mass realignments of parties, affiliations, and caucuses.

As EFF heads towards a National Conference, all eyes are on it. Shivambu’s departure from the party has created tension within the party. Malema has consolidated power and is conducting a assessments of EFF structures and systems. There is a toss up. Who will be Deputy President? Will it be Ndlozi? Will the current Secretary General seek that position? Will the mass exodus still happen?

While all this is happening, South Africa bids farewell to her Chief Justice Raymond Zondo who facilitated the State Capture [Zondo] Commission and the historic ushering in of the GNU.

One thing to note is Botswana’s (and by extension SADC’s) position in this new dispensation. It seems Hon. Steenhuisen seeks to renegotiate the Botswana Vegetable Import Ban. While this is in itself not worrisome, it causes one to ask where Botswana stands as a diplomatic and trade associate for the DA and the GNU.

Furthermore, is Botswana ready for a possibly hung-Parliament? With the struggles observed in her neighbouring country, could a hung Parliament destabilize government and its functions? Does Botswana have the right political and social infrastructure to ensure stability and progress in such a scenario?

While power is still being consolidated, it is intriguing to watch the chess pieces move. All I know, is that it’s a long walk to the local government elections (which will probably determine how things move towards the next general elections).

August 30, 2024
Words that Move Us: The Impact of Metaphors on Behaviour and Culture
Charles Dickens, William Shakespeare, Fyodor Dostoevsky and Edgar Allan Poe. These are some of the most influential figures the world of literature has ever seen and consequentially, some of the most influential figures in cultural history. Metaphors shape the way we percieve our world. Our biases, beliefs and thoughts are all influenced by the lexical embelishments we consume every single day.

“Language is fossil poetry. As the limestone of the continent consists of infinite masses of the shells of animalcules, so language is made up of images, or tropes, which now, in their secondary use, have long ceased to remind us of their poetic origin.”

~Ralph Waldo Emerson, from the essay ‘The Poet’ (1844)

Metaphors, when used correctly, colour and decorate everyday language, creating imagery, emphasis and effect in ways previously impossible. Finding the right balance of lexical flavour, however, is no easy task. Should the metaphor be to far fetched, the audience will have a hard time grasping its meaning. On the opposite end of the spectrum, if the metaphor is too obvious or explicit, there is a risk of losing the effect and emphasis that was originally intended.

Due to their creative and beautiful nature, metaphors are generally more closely associated with artists, poets and writers. This association however comes with the implication of inferiority from those with a more analytical disposition. Philosiphers and scientists alike consider metaphors a waste of time as they believe the primary concern of their writing lies in content rather than presentation.

In his essay, Metaphors make the world, Benjamin Santos Gentas writes ,”By the second half of the 20th century, some academics (especially those of a psychological disposition) began turning this thought upside down: metaphors slowly went from being seen as improper-but-inevitable tools of language to essential infrastructure of our conceptual system.”

There was a newfound respect for metaphorical speech, spearheaded by figures like George Lakoff and Mark Johnson. Their book, ‘Metaphors we live by’ argued that a large majority of our conceptual systems consisted of metaphors. The foundations of our understanding are largely rooted in the physical environment; trees, bridges, rocks and animals. Things we can see, touch and percieve.

These foundational, physical-centered concepts then assist in bridging the gap in understanding for us when it comes to understanding more abstract concepts. We tend to draw parallels between said abstract concepts and ideas with their literal counterparts in order to make them easier to digest mentally.

“Time is a thief”- Time, a notoriously difficult concept to grasp is often compared to the more literal manifestation of a thief. The inference here is very clear in that time can take away moments, opportunities and people from us, similar to how a thief steals things we hold valuable. Without this analogy, it would be very difficult to verbally (and briefly) bring the point across.

Another analogy that can be seen in the writings of Lakeoff and Johnson is parallels drawn between an arguement and the concept of war. Arguements are geenrally ‘won’ or ‘lost’, points can often be ‘indefensible’ or contain ‘weak lines’.

“The novelty of Lakoff and Johnson’s proposal is not in noticing the ubiquity of metaphorical language but in emphasising that metaphors go beyond casual speech: ‘many of the things we do in arguing are partially structured by the concept of war.’ “

~Benjamin Santos Genta

To illustrate this, consider an alternative conceptual metaphor: ARGUMENT IS A DANCE. Unlike the combative nature of war, dancing embodies a harmonious and collaborative effort. Here, the objective of an argument shifts from a quest for victory to the creation of a graceful and enjoyable performance for both participants. Under this paradigm, the nature of argumentation transforms entirely, emphasizing cooperation and mutual satisfaction. This example underscores the profound influence of metaphors in shaping our reality, extending beyond mere representation to actively crafting our perceptions and interactions.

Now that we have safely established the role metaphors have in shaping our reality (rather than the other way round), we can explore the implications and consequences of this on our communities and societies.

Metaphors in Racial Dialogue

“Any speaker knows that the language we use matters, and that there is a complex feedback between the language we speak and the thoughts we think.”

The level of influence that metaphors have on our perceptions and beliefs systems consequentially means they will have an impact on how we percieve each other. More specifically how we percieve those we do not look like us, sound like us or dress like us.

Metaphors containing inherently racial conotations can be found, even in natively African dialects. In the setswana language, a person who is often highly respected; perhaps a superior officer or an incredibly competent individual, is often referred to as “Lekgoa” which translates to “White man”.

Harmless as this may seem, what implications does this choice of words have when it comes to the association of competence when it comes to both black and white communities? Is competence, leadership and respect an inherently ‘white’ set of characteristics? Phrases like this highlight the left overs of black inferiority and internalised racism that have trickled down from the colonial era.

Pivoting back over to the English language, phrases like “black sheep” or “blacklisted” or simply the general association of the colour black to negativity are also seemingly harmless phrases that may carry a more malicious undertone. “So lelik soos die nag” from the Afrikaans language which translates to “As ugly as the night” is also another example of a negative association to darkness. Though not as obvious as its English and Setswana counterparts, the parallels drawn still have the potential to create negative conceptual associations around darkness/dark colours.

Metaphors in racial dialogue reveal how deeply ingrained and pervasive biases can be, even in the most subtle turns of phrase. These linguistic choices, whether they arise from historical contexts or cultural idioms, shape our perceptions and reinforce stereotypes. When respect and competence are linguistically tied to “whiteness” in Setswana, or negativity is associated with “blackness” in English and Afrikaans, it perpetuates harmful notions of racial hierarchy and internalized racism. These seemingly innocuous expressions carry the weight of history and societal constructs, subtly influencing our subconscious beliefs about ourselves and others. Therefore, the words we choose matter profoundly, as they not only reflect but also shape the realities of racial perceptions and relations. Confronting and revising these metaphors is essential in dismantling the remnants of colonial thought and fostering a more equitable and inclusive world.

Metaphors in Gender and Sexism

Language is a potent force that not only mirrors society but also molds it. Nowhere is this more evident than in the metaphors that frame our understanding of gender and sexism. These linguistic constructs are more than mere expressions; they are the scaffolding of our collective consciousness, subtly shaping our perceptions of identity, power, and worth. As we delve into the metaphors that underpin gender dynamics, we uncover the often invisible threads that weave through our everyday language, perpetuating stereotypes and reinforcing societal norms. By examining these metaphors, we can begin to unravel the biases they encode, illuminating the path toward a more just and equitable discourse.

Every so often, you might that a woman’s hand in marriage has been “won” or something along the lines of “conquering the castle”. Another set of lexical embelishments that, at face value, may seem completely harmless but as we unpack them further, we come to realise how harmful they can really be in the space of gender dynamics.

Although “Winning her hand in marriage” may sound nobel, especially to the ears of the gentlemanly listener, what does it say about the lady’s autonomy and agency? Is her love something for the most competent player to posses? Is SHE an object for the most competent player to posses? Uses of language like this demonstrate the subtle objectification of the female child and reduces her to a conquest, prize or treasure to be won by the oh-so-noble knight in shinning armour.

Conversly, metaphors like “A meal ticket”, “A handyman husband” or “A stud” often ignore the complexities and full humanit of men, foxusing intead on specific aspects and functions. Does a man’s value lie in is exclusive ability to provide financially and physically? Does he decline in worth if he is unable to change a tire or fix a lightbulb? Is he less worthy of empathy than his conventionally attractive counterpart?

To take a step back and analyse the use of language from a big picture perspective, we can see the harmful effects of metaphors in the grand scheme of things and not just their effect on individual gender groups. Phrases like “The battle of the sexes” fram interactions between men and women as inherently advesarial. This may lead to a lack of productive discourse when during discourse about issues that affect both sets of stakeholders due to the conceptions planted in the minds of individuals that one group is an enemy to the other.

Other phrases like “Ball and chain” in reference to marriage and “Wearing the pants in the relationship” are more explicit fuels to the proverbial flame as they specifically aim to antagonise one group to the other.

The widespread influence of metaphors in shaping gender dynamics underscores a critical need for mindfulness in language. These linguistic constructs, while often employed casually or with benign intent, perpetuate deep-seated stereotypes and reinforce existing power structures. The imagery of “winning” a partner or “conquering” a relationship subtly enforces the notion that individuals, particularly women, are objects of possession rather than autonomous beings. This objectification reduces complex human experiences to simplistic roles and outcomes, further entrenching gender biases in societal consciousness.

Similarly, metaphors that reduce men to their functional roles, such as “meal ticket” or “handyman husband,” overlook the multifaceted nature of their identities and contributions. These expressions not only limit the perception of men to specific functions but also create a narrow framework through which their worth is evaluated. The impact of these linguistic patterns extends beyond individual interactions, as phrases framing gender relations as adversarial, such as “the battle of the sexes,” can undermine cooperative efforts and mutual understanding. By critically examining and challenging these metaphors, we can begin to dismantle the harmful narratives they perpetuate and foster a more inclusive and equitable dialogue.

What do the Statistics Say?

In a compelling study, participants were given a report on the escalating crime rate in a city, with each report framed by a different metaphor. One group encountered a report that described crime as “a virus ravaging the city,” while the other group received a report that portrayed crime as “a predator ravaging the city.” These contrasting metaphors guided participants to view crime through two distinct conceptual lenses: as a virus or as a predator. When tasked with proposing solutions, those influenced by the “predator” metaphor were far more likely to advocate for harsh, enforcement-oriented strategies, such as bolstering the police force and increasing incarceration—approaches akin to restraining a wild beast. In contrast, those primed with the “virus” metaphor favored preventative measures and public health strategies, such as containment, identifying root causes, and enacting social reforms.

Remarkably, participants were largely unaware of how these metaphorical framings shaped their solutions. When asked about their decision-making process, they attributed their recommendations to the crime statistics—unchanged for both groups—rather than recognizing the subtle yet profound influence of the metaphor. This study powerfully illustrates how metaphors, even when operating below the surface of conscious awareness, can decisively influence our approaches to complex issues like crime, guiding our strategies and shaping our societal responses.

The Metaphors we live

As we explore the profound influence of metaphors in shaping our understanding of gender, race, and beyond, it becomes evident that these linguistic tools are far from mere embellishments. Metaphors shape our perceptions of xenophobia, framing outsiders as “invaders” or “threats,” thus fueling divisive attitudes and impeding cross-cultural empathy. Similarly, in discussions about climate change, metaphors such as “the planet’s fever” or “a ticking time bomb” underscore the urgency and severity of environmental crises, yet they can also inadvertently evoke fear rather than fostering constructive dialogue and actionable solutions. These examples illustrate how metaphors not only reflect but also amplify our collective concerns and conflicts.

In the context of Africa, metaphors wield significant power, shaping both the continent’s narrative and its future trajectory. Phrases like “emerging markets” and “developing nations” can frame African countries as perpetually in a state of progress, yet they may also obscure the rich history and existing complexities of these societies. Conversely, metaphors portraying Africa as a “land of opportunity” or a “new frontier” can inspire investment and innovation, but they risk simplifying the diverse realities of its people. The way metaphors are employed in discussing Africa has the potential to influence perceptions globally, affecting policy, investment, and cultural exchange.

Ultimately, the metaphors we use are not just reflective of our world but instrumental in shaping it. By critically examining and revising our metaphorical language, we hold the power to reshape narratives and influence societal change. Whether addressing issues of race, gender, or environmental crises, or considering the implications for regions like Africa, a mindful approach to metaphors can either reinforce existing biases or pave the way for a more equitable and enlightened future. As we continue to navigate and redefine our world, let us remain aware of the metaphors we live by, understanding their profound impact on our collective consciousness and their potential to drive meaningful transformation.

Article References
July 26, 2024